Introduction It seems a very long time since I ﬁrst heard about the death of printed dictionaries. ISBN 2 2 hardback ISBN 5 5 paperback ISBN 3 0 hardback + CD-ROM ISBN 6 3 paperback + CD-ROM ISBN 3 12 5179947 Klett paperback edition ISBN 3 12 5179939 Klett hardback + CD-ROM edition First published 1995 as Cambridge International Dictionary of English This edition ﬁrst published 2003 as Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Reprinted 2003 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Typeface Nimrod, Frutiger® A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data applied for However, neither the presence nor absence of such labels should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademarks.

Deﬁned words which we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been labelled as such. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa © Cambridge University Press 2003 This book is in copyright. The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Cambridge advanced learner?s dictionary